Microsoft Windows was announced by Bill Gates on November 10, The first versions of Windows 1. Windows 95 , though still being based on MS-DOS, was its own operating system, using a bit DOS-based kernel [ citation needed ] and a bit user space. Windows 95 introduced many features that have been part of the product ever since, including the Start menu , the taskbar , and Windows Explorer renamed File Explorer in Windows 8.

It aimed to integrate Internet Explorer and the web into the user interface and also brought many new features into Windows, such as the ability to display JPEG images as the desktop wallpaper and single window navigation in Windows Explorer. Windows 98 included USB support out of the box, and also plug and play , which allows devices to work when plugged in without requiring a system reboot or manual configuration.

In , Microsoft released Windows NT 3. Unlike the Windows 9x series of operating systems, it is a fully bit operating system. In , Windows NT 4. Windows NT was originally designed to be used on high-end systems and servers, but with the release of Windows , many consumer-oriented features from Windows 95 and Windows 98 were included, such as the Windows Desktop Update , Internet Explorer 5 , USB support and Windows Media Player.

These consumer-oriented features were further extended in Windows XP in , which included a new visual style called Luna , a more user-friendly interface, updated versions of Windows Media Player and Internet Explorer 6 by default, and extended features from Windows Me, such as the Help and Support Center and System Restore.

Windows Vista , which was released in , focused on securing the Windows operating system against computer viruses and other malicious software by introducing features such as User Account Control. New features include Windows Aero , updated versions of the standard games e. Despite this, Windows Vista was critically panned for its poor performance on older hardware and its at-the-time high system requirements. Windows 7 followed in nearly three years after its launch, and despite it technically having higher system requirements, [3] [4] reviewers noted that it ran better than Windows Vista.

Windows 8 , which was released in , introduced many controversial changes, such as the replacement of the Start menu with the Start Screen, the removal of the Aero interface in favor of a flat, colored interface as well as the introduction of „Metro“ apps later renamed to Universal Windows Platform apps , and the Charms Bar user interface element, all of which received considerable criticism from reviewers.

The following version of Windows, Windows 10 , which was released in , reintroduced the Start menu and added the ability to run Universal Windows Platform apps in a window instead of always in full screen. Windows 10 was generally well-received, with many reviewers stating that Windows 10 is what Windows 8 should have been. The latest version of Windows, Windows 11 , was released on October 5, Windows 11 incorporates a redesigned user interface, including a new Start menu, a visual style featuring rounded corners, and a new layout for the Microsoft Store, [13] and also included Microsoft Edge by default.

The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1. The project was briefly codenamed „Interface Manager“ before the windowing system was implemented—contrary to popular belief that it was the original name for Windows and Rowland Hanson , the head of marketing at Microsoft, convinced the company that the name Windows would be more appealing to customers. Windows 1. The first version of Microsoft Windows included a simple graphics painting program called Windows Paint ; Windows Write , a simple word processor ; an appointment calendar; a card-filer; a notepad ; a clock; a control panel ; a computer terminal ; Clipboard ; and RAM driver.

Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple’s new Macintosh computer, which featured a graphical user interface. As part of the related business negotiations, Microsoft had licensed certain aspects of the Macintosh user interface from Apple; in later litigation, a district court summarized these aspects as „screen displays“.

In the development of Windows 1. For example, windows were only displayed „tiled“ on the screen; that is, they could not overlap or overlie one another. On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 1. Microsoft Windows version 2. Much of the popularity for Windows 2. Microsoft Windows received a major boost around this time when Aldus PageMaker appeared in a Windows version, having previously run only on Macintosh. Some computer historians [ who?

Like prior versions of Windows, version 2. In such a configuration, it could run under another multitasker like DESQview , which used the protected mode. It was also the first version to support the High Memory Area when running on an Intel compatible processor. Version 2. In Apple Computer, Inc. Microsoft Corp. Judge William Schwarzer dropped all but 10 of Apple’s claims of copyright infringement, and ruled that most of the remaining 10 were over uncopyrightable ideas.

On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 2. Windows 3. A few months after introduction, Windows 3. A „multimedia“ version, Windows 3. This version was the precursor to the multimedia features available in Windows 3. The features listed above and growing market support from application software developers made Windows 3. Support was discontinued on December 31, Its API was incompatible with Windows. Version 1.

They cooperated with each other in developing their PC operating systems, and had access to each other’s code. After an interim 1. Microsoft would later imitate much of it in Windows Still, much of the system had bit code internally which required, among other things, device drivers to be bit code as well. It also removed Real Mode, and only ran on an or better processor.

Later Microsoft also released Windows 3. In and , Microsoft released Windows for Workgroups WfW , which was available both as an add-on for existing Windows 3. Windows for Workgroups included improved network drivers and protocol stacks, and support for peer-to-peer networking. There were two versions of Windows for Workgroups, WfW 3. Unlike prior versions, Windows for Workgroups 3. All these versions continued version 3. Even though the 3. The Windows API became the de facto standard for consumer software.

On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 3. Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT. This successor was codenamed Cairo. In hindsight, Cairo was a much more difficult project than Microsoft had anticipated and, as a result, NT and Chicago would not be unified until Windows XP —albeit Windows , oriented to business, had already unified most of the system’s bolts and gears, it was XP that was sold to home consumers like Windows 95 and came to be viewed as the final unified OS.

Driver support was lacking due to the increased programming difficulty in dealing with NT’s superior hardware abstraction model.

This problem plagued the NT line all the way through Windows Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market. Additionally, although allowing for good performance and fuller exploitation of system resources, it was also resource-intensive on limited hardware, and thus was only suitable for larger, more expensive machines.

However, these same features made Windows NT perfect for the LAN server market which in was experiencing a rapid boom, as office networking was becoming common. Windows NT version 3. The Win32 API had three levels of implementation: the complete one for Windows NT, a subset for Chicago originally called Win32c missing features primarily of interest to enterprise customers at the time such as security and Unicode support, and a more limited subset called Win32s which could be used on Windows 3.

Thus Microsoft sought to ensure some degree of compatibility between the Chicago design and Windows NT, even though the two systems had radically different internal architectures. Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel , influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

As released, Windows NT 3. The 3. Support for Windows NT 3. After Windows 3. The Win32 API first introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard bit programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a technique known as “ thunking „. A new object-oriented GUI was not originally planned as part of the release, although elements of the Cairo user interface were borrowed and added as other aspects of the release notably Plug and Play slipped.

Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to bit; parts of it remained bit albeit not directly using real mode for reasons of compatibility, performance, and development time. Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing environment. These factors eventually began to impact the operating system’s efficiency and stability.

Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS, secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in enhanced mode, with a flat bit address space and virtual memory.

These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM with another 2 GB reserved for the operating system , and in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory space of other Win32 applications. Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows Unlike with Windows 3.

Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft’s part. Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR2 preinstalled officially justifying this as needed due to the hard drive’s capacity.

The first Microsoft Plus! Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, Microsoft released the successor to NT 3. It was Microsoft’s primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows NT 4. Both editions were succeeded by Windows Professional and the Windows Server Family, respectively.

This edition was succeeded by Windows XP Embedded.

Windows Server | Microsoft Wiki | Fandom

Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system produced by Microsoftthe first version нажмите чтобы перейти which was released on July 27, It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system. It was a commercially focused operating system intended to complement consumer versions of Windows t2 were based on MS-DOS including Windows 1.

Gradually, the Windows NT family was expanded into Microsoft’s general-purpose operating system product line for all personal computersdeprecating the Windows 9x family. Starting with Windows[6] „NT“ was removed from the product name and is only included нажмите для деталей the product version string along with several low-level places within the system.

NT was the first purely bit version of Windows, whereas its consumer-oriented counterparts, Windows 3. It is a multi-architecture operating system. One windows server 2012 r2 datacenter wiki free the main purposes of NT is hardware and software portability. NT has supported per-object file, function, and role access control lists allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. Windows NT 3.

Its companion product, Windows 3. The full preemptive multitasking kernel could interrupt running tasks to schedule other tasks, without relying on user programs to voluntarily give up control of the CPU, as in Windows 3.

Notably, in Windows NT 3. In Windows NT 4, the video, server, and printer spooler subsystems were moved into kernel mode. Windows NT also allows for other installable file systems; since versions 3. Windows NT читать статью its own driver model, the Windows NT driver model, and is incompatible with older driver frameworks. Windows 3. This decision caused tension between Microsoft /13996.txt IBM and the collaboration ultimately fell apart.

Like VMS, [23] Windows NT’s kernel mode code distinguishes between the „kernel“, whose primary purpose is to implement processor- and architecture-dependent functions, and the wibdows. This was designed windows server 2012 r2 datacenter wiki free a modified microkernelas the Windows NT kernel was influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, [25] but does not meet all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

Both the kernel and the executive are linked together into the single loaded module ntoskrnl. Routines from each are directly accessible, as for example from kernel-mode device drivers. Windows NT was one of the earliest operating systems to use Unicode internally.

Windows NT 4. The страница release was given version number 3. Also the Novell IPX protocol was apparently licensed only to 3. The Ссылка version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes, but is still used internally, and said to reflect the wijdows of changes адрес страницы the core of the operating system.

Starting with Windows 8. If an application is not manifested for Windows 8. Assembly language is avoided dtaacenter possible because it would impede portability.

In windows server 2012 r2 datacenter wiki free to prevent Intel x86 -specific code from slipping into the operating system by developers used to developing on x86 chips, Windows NT 3. Both systems were designed internally at Microsoft. Only two of the Windows NT 4. All of the other ports done by third parties Motorola, Intergraph, etc.

Microsoft demonstrated a preliminary version of Windows version 6. According to Microsoft, it is a common misconception that the Xbox and Xbox use a modified Приведу ссылку kernel.

In reality, the Xbox operating system was built from scratch but implements a subset of Windows APIs. Windows 11 is the first non-server version of Windows NT to not support bit platforms. The minimum hardware specification required to run windows server 2012 r2 datacenter wiki free release of the professional workstation version of Windows NT has been fairly slow-moving until the 6. Fgee Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Microsoft computer operating system family. This article is about the family of operating system versions by Microsoft.

For the version released insee Windows NT 4. For the 3. Closed-source Source-available through Shared Source Initiative. See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions. Retrieved Sefver 4, Microsoft Нажмите сюда. August 9, Windows Insider Blog. July 28, August 10, October 27, VersionString Больше информации. Retrieved November 10, Show Stopper!

Free Press. ISBN American history. Retrieved March 17, Win super site. Archived from the original on May 26, читать полностью Retrieved June 26, Retrieved November 13, Retrieved November 24, November 5, Archived from the original on December 18, Archived from the original on December 29, Retrieved February 22, Archived from the original on April 21, Archived from the original on July 20, Retrieved January 5, IT Pro.

Retrieved January 2, Retrieved August 25, Prentice Hall. Retrieved January 23, The technique windows server 2012 r2 datacenter wiki free Windows NT uses is called a „microkernel“ and was influenced by the Mach microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon Serber. Microsoft Docs. September 15, Retrieved August 7, March Retrieved January 14, Windows Server Retrieved May 18, Windows server 2012 r2 datacenter wiki free November 1, Blogging Windows.

Retrieved February 5, Retrieved June 6, Retrieved April 17, July 18, Retrieved Widnows 18, Server cloud. Retrieved July 8, The Verge. Vox Media. ITPro Today. Microsoft Blog. Retrieved December 24,

Windows server 2012 r2 datacenter wiki free.Windows Server 2003

 
Active Directory Certificate Services. D2 Read Edit View history. NET 4. This program allows customers to purchase security updates in yearly installments for the operating system through at most October 13, only for volume licensed editions. SoftNews SRL. Archived from the original on August 12,

Hyper-V — Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2.

 
 
Per every pair of processor chips although minimum on each server is 1 chip [note 1]. The software was officially launched on September 4, , which was the month before the release of Windows 8. Windows CE Windows Embedded. Windows Server , codenamed „Windows Server 8“, [6] is the fifth release of Windows Server family of operating systems developed concurrently with Windows 8.