Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google. Most of Chrome’s source code comes from Google’s free and open-source software project Chromium , but Chrome is licensed as proprietary freeware. He stated that „at the time, Google was a small company“, and he did not want to go through „bruising browser wars „.

After co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page hired several Mozilla Firefox developers and built a demonstration of Chrome, Schmidt said that „It was so good that it essentially forced me to change my mind. In September , rumors of Google building a web browser first appeared. Online journals and U. It also came shortly after the release of Mozilla Firefox 1. Development of the browser began in [24] spearheaded by Sundar Pichai. The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3, , and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser.

Google kept the development project name as the final release name, as a „cheeky“ or ironic moniker, as one of the main aims was to minimize the user interface chrome. The browser was first publicly released, officially as a beta version , [33] on September 2, , for Windows XP and newer, and with support for 43 languages, and later as a „stable“ public release on December 11, On that same day, a CNET news item drew attention to a passage in the Terms of Service statement for the initial beta release, which seemed to grant to Google a license to all content transferred via the Chrome browser.

Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered on BrowserChoice. According to Google, existing implementations were designed „for small programs, where the performance and interactivity of the system weren’t that important“, but web applications such as Gmail „are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript „, and therefore would significantly benefit from a JavaScript engine that could work faster.

Chrome initially used the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages. In , they forked the WebCore component to create their own layout engine Blink. Based on WebKit, Blink only uses WebKit’s „WebCore“ components, while substituting other components, such as its own multi-process architecture, in place of WebKit’s native implementation. In March , Google introduced a new simplified logo to replace the previous 3D logo that had been used since the project’s inception.

Google designer Steve Rura explained the company reasoning for the change: „Since Chrome is all about making your web experience as easy and clutter-free as possible, we refreshed the Chrome icon to better represent these sentiments. A simpler icon embodies the Chrome spirit — to make the web quicker, lighter, and easier for all.

Google Chrome features a minimalistic user interface, with its user-interface principles later being implemented into other browsers. For example, the merging of the address bar and search bar into the omnibox or omnibar [56] [57] Chrome also has a reputation for strong browser performance. The first release of Google Chrome passed both the Acid1 and Acid2 tests. Beginning with version 4. This test reports as the final score the number of tests a browser failed; hence lower scores are better.

In , on the official CSS 2. On the HTML5 web standards test, Chrome 41 scores out of points, placing it ahead of the five most popular desktop browsers.

A home button is not shown by default, but can be added through the Settings page to take the user to the new tab page or a custom home page. Tabs are the main component of Chrome’s user interface and have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls.

This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs. Tabs, with their state, can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging. Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox. The Omnibox is a URL box that combines the functions of both the address bar and search box. If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from, Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox.

When a user starts typing in the Omnibox, Chrome provides suggestions for previously visited sites based on the URL or in-page text , popular websites not necessarily visited before — powered by Google Instant , and popular searches.

Although Instant can be turned off, suggestions based on previously visited sites cannot be turned off. Chrome will also autocomplete the URLs of sites visited often. One of Chrome’s differentiating features is the New Tab Page , which can replace the browser home page and is displayed when a new tab is created.

Originally, this showed thumbnails of the nine most visited websites, along with frequent searches, recent bookmarks, and recently closed tabs; similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox with Google Toolbar , or Opera’s Speed Dial. Starting in version 3. The thumbnails could be rearranged, pinned, and removed. Alternatively, a list of text links could be displayed instead of thumbnails.

It also features a „Recently closed“ bar that shows recently closed tabs and a „tips“ section that displays hints and tricks for using the browser. Chrome includes a bookmarks submenu that lists the user’s bookmarks, provides easy access to Chrome’s Bookmark Manager, and allows the user to toggle a bookmarks bar on or off.

Starting with Google Chrome 4. Language translation is currently available for 52 languages. Chrome allows users to synchronize their bookmarks, history, and settings across all devices with the browser installed by sending and receiving data through a chosen Google Account, which in turn updates all signed-in instances of Chrome.

This can be authenticated either through Google credentials, or a sync passphrase. For web developers , Chrome features an element inspector which allows users to look into the DOM and see what makes up the webpage. Chrome has special URLs that load application-specific pages instead of websites or files on disk. Chrome also has a built-in ability to enable experimental features. Originally called about:labs , the address was changed to about:flags to make it less obvious to casual users.

Chrome allows users to make local desktop shortcuts that open web applications in the browser. The browser, when opened in this way, contains none of the regular interface except for the title bar, so as not to „interrupt anything the user is trying to do“. This allows web applications to run alongside local software similar to Mozilla Prism and Fluid. This feature, according to Google, would be enhanced with the Chrome Web Store , a one-stop web-based web applications directory which opened in December In September , Google started making Chrome apps „For your desktop“.

This meant offline access, desktop shortcuts, and less dependence on Chrome—apps launch in a window separate from Chrome, and look more like native applications. The themes and extensions have also been tightly integrated into the new store, allowing users to search the entire catalog of Chrome extras.

Browser extensions are able to modify Google Chrome. They are supported by the browser’s desktop edition. On September 9, , Google enabled extensions by default on Chrome’s developer channel, and provided several sample extensions for testing. In , Google started preventing some Windows users from installing extensions not hosted on the Chrome Web Store.

The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome, the V8 JavaScript engine , has features such as dynamic code generation , hidden class transitions , and precise garbage collection.

In , several websites performed benchmark tests using the SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark tool as well as Google’s own set of computationally intense benchmarks, which include ray tracing and constraint solving. On September 3, , Mozilla responded by stating that their own TraceMonkey JavaScript engine then in beta , was faster than Chrome’s V8 engine in some tests. He stated that Firefox 3. SPDY support was removed in Chrome version In November , Google said it was working on several „speed badging“ systems that let visitors know why a page is taking time to show up.

The variations include simple text warnings and more subtle signs that indicate a site is slow. No date has been given for when the badging system will be included with the Chrome browser. Chrome formerly supported a Data Saver feature for making pages load faster called Lite Mode.

Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists one for phishing and one for malware , and warns users when they attempt to visit a site flagged as potentially harmful.

Chrome uses a process-allocation model to sandbox tabs. OS memory, user files or other tab processes — similar to Microsoft’s „Protected Mode“ used by Internet Explorer 9 or greater. The Sandbox Team is said to have „taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail „.

This enforces a computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security user and sandbox and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user. On December 4, , Google announced its Chrome 71 release with new security features, including a built-in ad featuring system.

In addition, Google also announced its plan to crack down on websites that make people involuntarily subscribe to mobile subscription plans. Since , Chrome has been faulted for not including a master password to prevent casual access to a user’s passwords. Chrome developers have indicated that a master password does not provide real security against determined hackers and have refused to implement one.

Bugs filed on this issue have been marked „WontFix“. Passwords stored in plain text are not encrypted. Because of this, when either GNOME Keyring or KWallet is in use, any unencrypted passwords that have been stored previously are automatically moved into the encrypted store.

As of version 45, the Google Chrome password manager is no longer integrated with Keychain , since the interoperability goal is no longer possible. No security vulnerabilities in Chrome were exploited in the three years of Pwn2Own from to Chrome was compromised twice at the CanSecWest Pwnium. A significant number of security vulnerabilities in Chrome occur in the Adobe Flash Player. For example, the Pwn2Own successful attack on Chrome relied on four security vulnerabilities.

Two of the vulnerabilities were in Flash, one was in Chrome, and one was in the Windows kernel. The first phase of the plan is to disable Flash for ads and „background analytics“, with the ultimate goal of disabling it completely by the end of the year, except on specific sites that Google has deemed to be broken without it. Flash would then be re-enabled with the exclusion of ads and background analytics on a site-by-site basis.

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from to , detail the capabilities of the CIA , such as the ability to compromise web browsers including Google Chrome. Google introduced download scanning protection in Chrome Sites that employ invasive ads are given a day warning, after which their ads will be blocked.

The private browsing feature called Incognito mode prevents the browser from locally storing any history information, cookies , site data, or form inputs.

In addition, user activity is not hidden from visited websites or the Internet service provider. Incognito mode is similar to the private browsing feature in other web browsers.

It does not prevent saving in all windows: „You can switch between an incognito window and any regular windows you have open.

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